SIMULATION- A TEACHING METHOD

INTRODUCTION

. Teaching is a complex process

. Simulated teaching is the technique of learning and training

. Simulation is the imitation of a situation or process

. Interest is aroused in the students through “Role Playing” while teaching

DEFINITION

. Simulation has been defined “as an attempt to give appearance or to give the effect of something else”. – Barton-1970

. Simulation is the reproduction of the essential features of a real life situation.

TYPES OF SIMULATION

1.       Simulation exercise - Simulation exercises are exercises that mimic real-life professional scenarios

2.       Simulation game - A game that represent real life situation

3.       Role playing - A form of drama in which learners act different roles

4.       Simple model or Mannequins

5.       Computer screen based clinical case simulators

PURPOSE OF SIMULATION

-To help students to practice decision making and problem solving skills

- To develop human interaction abilities in a controlled and safe settings

- Through active involvement in a simulation exercise, game, or role play, the student achieve cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills

- Simulation provides a chance to apply principles learned and to see how it works

VALUES OF SIMULATION

Ø  Simulation ensures safe nursing practice by nursing students through bridging the gap between theory and practice

Ø  Simulation is an effective technique to learn psychomotor skills

Ø  It helps the students to apply nursing process

Ø  Simulation can be used to evaluate students

Ø  It helps students to develops critical thinking abilities

ROLE OF THE TEACHER

It includes-

Ø  Planning

Ø  Facilitating

Ø  Debriefing

1.       Planning

. Planning begins with choosing or developing an appropriate simulation that will meet course objectives.

. Before using, teacher should ensure the usefulness of the simulation

2.       Facilitating

. Once the simulation progresses the teacher should function as a facilitator during the actual process of simulation

. As a facilitator, teacher has to maintain a non judgmental attitude by not giving quick suggestions or advices.

3.       Debriefing

. Debriefing session should be conducted immediately after the simulation.

. Participants are allowed to do a self analysis, allow ventilation of feelings, and their opinions

. Finally teacher explains the concepts and principles applied in simulation and how the students are benefitted from the experience gained through simulation

ADVANTAGES OF SIMULATION

Ø  It is useful in promoting transfer of learning from class room to the clinical setting.

Ø  Simulation is highly student centered , interesting ,and motivating in nature

Ø  Simulation offers an excellent opportunity to learn from mistakes

Ø  It is effective for both slow and fast learners

Ø  Through simulation students become aware of committing mistakes and can avoid it in future.

Ø  Simulation provides a realistic experience(Eg. Fundamental lab as hospital ward) without harming the patients

Ø  Simulation fosters critical thinking and problem solving skills

DISADVATAGES OF SIMULATION

Ø  It is costly in terms of money and time

Ø  Teachers has to spend more time to prepare a simulation

Ø  Emotion carrying simulation can cause mental trauma to students

Ø  Models often easily damaged

Ø  It requires supervision of trained personal

CONCLUSION

* “Simulation” is a very general and flexible teaching approach

* This develops the ability in an individual regarding problem solving situations

* Simulation aim to provide an experience as close to the ‘real thing’ as possible

FLUID MOSAIC SYSTEM IN PLASMA MEMBRANE(CELL MEMBRANE)

Fluid Mosaic System- Plasma Membrane

The Fluid Mosaic Model states that membranes are composed of a Phospholipids Bilayer with various protein molecules floating around within it. The 'Fluid' part represents how some parts of the membrane can move around freely, if they are not attached to other parts of the cell. The 'mosaic' part illustrates the 'patchwork' of proteins that is found in the Phospholipids Bilayer.

All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain internal membranes and membrane bound organelles. This was originally proposed by Davison and Daniele and later In 1972, S. Singer and G. Nicolson described the Fluid Mosaic Model of membrane structure. „According to this model, cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer (two layers) with globular proteins embedded in the bilayer.

The membrane’s lipid bilayer is mainly 2 layers of phospholipids; the non-polar tails point (hydrophobic) inward and the polar heads(Hydrophilic) are on the outer surface. 

As the cell membrane consists of a mosaic of protein and lipids it is called as a fluid mosaic model.

„No cell exists as a closed system. In order to survive, materials must be transported into and out of the cell, across the plasma membrane. „In addition, because different processes take place in different parts of the cell, materials must be transported from one part of the cell to another.

The phosphor lipids are arranged in bilayers with the polar head groups oriented towards the extra cellular side and the cytoplasmic side with a hydrophobic core. Each leaflet is 25A thick and the total thickness is 50 to 80 A.

Some proteins in the membrane are called 'Intrinsic'. This means that they completely span the Bilayer. Others are called 'Extrinsic' - they are partly embedded in the Bilayer.

Here choline containing phospholipids are in the external layers and ethanolamine and serine containing phospholipids are in the inner layer. The lipid bilayer is said to be fluid in nature because it shows free lateral movement of its component and their fluidity helps the membrane to perform endocytosis(import into the cell and exocytosis(export out of the cell). („In endocytosis, part of the plasma membrane envelops small particles or fluid, then seals on itself to form a vesicle which enters the cell)

But flip-flop movement is restricted that means movement of particle from inner to outer layer , or outer to inner layer is restricted. Flip-flop movement occurs only during apoptosis. The fluidity of the membrane is maintained by the length of hydrocarbon chain, and nature of polar head group. Membrane also contains cholesterol. As cholesterol concentration increases ,membrane breaks and loss of fluid in the outer surface , but more fluid in the core.effect of cholesterol on fluidity is vary with different temperature.

Membrane protein

The peripheral or extrinsic protein exists on the surface of the bilayer. They are attached by ionic and polar bonds to polar heads of lipids and they can be easily separated.

The integral (intrinsic) are deeply embedded in the bilayer and they cannot be easily separated. Eg.  Hormones receptors.

biju: Thyroid Problems.. Do not ignore..

biju: Thyroid Problems.. Do not ignore..: Thyroid diseases The thyroid is a small endocrine gland located just below the Adam’s apple in our neck. The Thyroid produces hormones l...

Thyroid Problems.. Do not ignore..

Thyroid diseases

The thyroid is a small endocrine gland located just below the Adam’s apple in our neck. The Thyroid produces hormones like tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4). These hormones help the metabolic process of our body, physical growth and development, fertility, etc. Any decrease (hypothyroidism) or increase (hyperthyroidism) of this hormone makes thyroid diseases. Females are more prone to thyroid problems.

What causes thyroid disease?

Some cardiac medicines (Cordarone) prolonged use can cause thyroid dysfunction.

Prolonged exposure to radioactive substance makes thyroid imbalances.

Increased or decreased iodine intake is a main reason.

The non-stick Teflon-coated cookwares are one of the main reasons for thyroid disease. The non-stick coating contains two types of harmful chemicals such as Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluoroctanoic Acid (PFOA). These chemicals are unstable at very high temperature, prevent the thyroid hormone mechanism, and cause thyroid disease. Once the Teflon coating is damaged, do not use this for cooking purpose. Always use wooden spoon instead of stainless steel to protect the coating.

The Indian ginseng “Aswagandha” believes to be a booster in thyroid function. This is an herb used in traditional Ayurvedic practices. It increases the thyroid hormone production.

The goiterogens in cauliflower, radish, millet, cabbage, and broccoli prevents the absorption of iodine in the body. Therefore, over consumption of these goiterogenic vegetables makes thyroid disease. However, this goiterogens destroyed by proper cooking.

The oral contraceptive birth control pills are a combination of estrogen's and progestin (female sex hormones). These hormones affect the effectiveness of the thyroid gland. As a result, more thyroid hormone is secreted in woman’s body. The condition is hyperthyroidism.

Other reasons are cigarette smoking and inhalation of this smoke. The tobacco smoke contains substances that influence the function of the thyroid gland. Therefore, smoking increases the risk of thyroid disease.

During increased tension or stress cortisol hormone is released and this causes thyroid dysfunctions. Thus, chronic stress affects the thyroid health.

Decreased function of thyroid gland (Hypothyroidism)

Weight gain, intolerance to cold, tiredness, hair fall, dry skin, irregular menstruation, abortion, and depression occurs due to low thyroid hormone level.

Increased activity of thyroid gland (Hyperthyroidism)

The thyroid hormone level increases due to increased function of the thyroid gland. This causes increased sweating, hair falls, weight loss, intolerance to heat, softness of skin, and abortion.

Thyroid hormone and adolescence

The hormone level variations of the thyroid gland and this will cause delays maturity in boys and girls. Sometimes this may cause late menstruation or absence of menstrual cycle.

Pregnancy and thyroid

A well-balanced thyroid hormone level needs the growth and development of fetal brain. The congenital mental retardation is due to low thyroid hormone level during pregnancy.

Food items help for the smooth function of the thyroid gland

You must include vegetables, green leaves, fruits, fish, and coconut water daily in your diet for the thyroid health. Avoid cauliflower, cabbage, and broccoli because this will affect thyroid health. Recent studies show Green gram is good for thyroid health

biju: Prawn Masala Indian-Kerala Style

biju: Prawn Masala Indian-Kerala Style: The prawn is one of the tastiest seafood available almost all countries. Cooking method and preparations differ from countries to countrie...

Prawn Masala Indian-Kerala Style

The prawn is one of the tastiest seafood available almost all countries. Cooking method and preparations differ from countries to countries. This actually an Indian dish that they use red chillies more. This is a very tasteful dish of prawns in a mouth watering traditional Indian style with an additional taste of curry leaves and aniseed's (garam masala). Try to enjoy the taste...

Ingredients :

Shell removed, washed, and drained Prawn - 250 GM.

Garlic paste, Ginger paste - according to your taste

Red chili powder - 2 to 3 teaspoons

Coriander powder - half teaspoon

Turmeric powder r- one teaspoon       

Sliced onion - One cup           

Salt - as needed    

Aniseed's - half teaspoon 

Green chilli - 3 nos. Cut shorted

Curry leaves

Chopped tomato- half cup

Cooking oil- 5 teaspoon

PREPARATION :

Pour oil into a hot frying pan and make it hot. Put onion slices, aniseed (garam masala) and fry as it become light brown in color. Add chopped tomatoes and cover the pan, reduce the flame at a low level. Then add coriander powder, red chili powder, and turmeric powder and fry till they are pink in color. Add ginger garlic paste and cover the pan and wait some time. (Put on low flame).

Now open the lid and put prawn and stir the content. Add salt as per your taste. Cover the pan with a lid for 3- 5 minutes in low flame. Add cut green chili and curry leaves, stir and cover again for 2 minutes. Remember taste will increase when you steamed the food, so do not add water only reduce the flame and cover the frying pan. Now turn off the flame and open the lid, stir well, your prawn masala is ready to eat.

Things to know:

- You can add your locally available spices to make different smell and flavor.

- Cooking oil use as per your health, but more oil gives more taste to this dish.

- The more the curry leaves, the better the dish will taste.

- Garnish the prawn masala with chopped coriander leaves and red onion and serve hot.

biju: Chili Chicken - It is easy to make..!

biju: Chili Chicken - It is easy to make..!: Chilly chicken looks tasty, but the preparation is hard and time taking. However, after you try this super, simple chicken chilly recipe y...

Chili Chicken - It is easy to make..!

Chilly chicken looks tasty, but the preparation is hard and time taking. However, after you try this super, simple chicken chilly recipe you may say it is very easy. So discover here how to make chilly chicken using easy methods and enjoy it.

Ingredients needed

Boneless Chicken pieces- half kilogram, cut into small cubes

Chili sauce- 3 tbsp

Tomato sauce-2 tbsp

Soya sauce -1 tbsp

Red chili powder – 2 tbsp (I, prefer Kashmir chilly because it is less hot)

Orange color – one pinch

Ginger – one piece minced

Garlic – 3 pieces, minced

Capsicum – One, cut into small cubes

Big Onion – one, cut into small cubes

Edible oil – 2 tbsp

Chopped Celery, spring onion – for garnish

Salt – to taste

Preparation

Cut the boneless chicken into small cubes, wash, and drain. Then marinate chicken pieces in the above ingredients for at least 30 minutes. Keep half an hour this mixture in the refrigerator for sticking the masala with chicken.

After half an hour take it out from the refrigerator, put into the pressure cooker, and keep in medium flame. Switch off the stove after two whistles. Open the lid of the cooker after the steam cease and stir well. Serve chilly chicken, hot garnished with celery and chopped spring onion. This is good with steamed / boiled rice,  bread or chapatti.

Cook Time

Prep time: 30 min

Cook time: 5 min

Ready in: 35 min

Yields: serves 5 people

1.    Be careful while opening the lid of the pressure cooker to avoid scald.

biju: The greatest problem we face

biju: The greatest problem we face: The greatest problem that we face in this world is terrorism., which is the result of racialism. Our world has witnessed terrible disasters...

The greatest problem we face

The greatest problem that we face in this world is terrorism., which is the result of racialism. Our world has witnessed terrible disasters which are caused by racialism.
So, what is racialism?
It is the belief that some races are better than others or prejudice against of his race.
During the second world war, the suffering of the Jews in the concentration camps due to  the despotic commands made by the dictator 'Adolf Hitler'. Indian who believed in "Unity in Diversity" had to witness the blood shed of terrorism.
Racialism was not born on a sudden. The fight between the tribes during the ancient period and the racialism that existed in the ecclesiastical atmosphere was the contemporary problem of those days. The difference that existed between the whites and blacks was an example of the racialism that prevailed. Racialism existed even before thousands of years. But, still the evidence of discrimination persists throughout our society.
In some countries the society itself frames a system called religion. This can affect the law and order, there by causing communal riots. This is the result of the inter-religion rivalry that is existing in our world. We have many riots and tragedies as examples of inter religion, which perks a hurt in the mind of common people.
The weak section is ruled and exploited by the powerful section. This has become the law of the universe. This began right from the Garden of Eden. Many had to give up. Their life as a result of these exploitation which is the essence of racialism. The caste and religion which was build by human being have to be collapsed. The time was come, but still the evilness of the society prevails.
Many have raised their voice against racialism. There were creative battles to end the racial injustice. Martin Luther King Jr is a great example who was against racialism. He thought for the right of the Negroes. In India there are many prominent personalities who fought against the injustice. People should realize the fact that, God is one and religion is just man-made barrier between human beings. All religion should be united and should be against the injustice in the society. If it is not achieved, there will be more riots and brutal murders.
We are developing day by day, but we have to wipe out the brutal injustice prevailing in the society. It is the duty of each and every one of us. We should try to fight against racialism and build a world of peace and brotherhood.

biju: North Korea and US conflict: What is happening...?...

biju: North Korea and US conflict: What is happening...?...:      Tension is significantly rising in the region of North Korea as the US aircraft carriers continue its journey towards them.  A powerfu...

biju: North Korea and US conflict: What is happening...?...

biju: North Korea and US conflict: What is happening...?...:      Tension is significantly rising in the region of North Korea as the US aircraft carriers continue its journey towards them.  A powerful...

North Korea and US conflict: What is happening...?

     Tension is significantly rising in the region of North Korea as the US aircraft carriers continue its journey towards them.  A powerful officer of North Korea said that if any provocation occurs, they are ready to hit back with nuclear weapons as their own style and the end result could not be predicted.

In order to show the muscle power of North Korea, they displayed the new intercontinental and submarine-launched ballistic missiles, which have a range of more than 1000 km, in a parade in Pyongyang. This may be a sign of warning to US provocation..?

The US president seeks the help of china and if they will not help, US will solve the problem without china’s help. But the china’s foreign minister warned that the dispute could break out at any time and there could be no winner in the war!! If something happens over there it will be irreparable, very tough to control and the whole world should suffer.

North Korea was regularly experimenting ballistic missiles and nuclear weapons for many years. The US warships and aircraft's sent to Korean areas are aiming to prevent Korea’s wrong actions regarding nuclear weapons program.

According to US, the number one threat in this region is North Korea due to their immature, uncontrolled and destabilizing programs to the missile test and nuclear weapons.
However North Korea is on a mission to build up a long-range missile with nuclear warhead able of striking the US.

Following an alleged chemical attack happened in Syria; US just attacked them with its cruise missiles to their air force camps. And the same thing happens to Afghanistan, after this incident, US used ‘huge bombs’ or ‘mother bombs’ against ISIS terrorist camps killed more than hundreds.

  If the condition will go like this any time dispute could break out and the stress will increase more. This conflict leads to a gigantic refugee problem to china because they are the neighboring country of North Korea sharing its borders. Because of that US asked China to involve in this problem and to settle these issues. Now China became in between US and North Korea and they could not be able to take a stand against North Korea because they are the only believer partner of them.

Anyway, it is clear that North Korea is not like Syria because they achieved the nuclear weapons, long range ballistic missiles and they may use that against US if any provocation occurs. As per the global news, the intercontinental ballistic missiles of North Korea are able to reach up to US.  

The after effect is not predictable and we had already the picture of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in our mind. My opinion is that to build hard work to step back North Korea from the edge of a dangerous calamitous controversy by other neighboring countries and friends.  Here in this picture, can you say who is right and who is wrong?

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